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  Indian J Med Microbiol
 

Figure 1: Pathogenesis of EPN. (a) Pathogens like Escherichia coli gain access to urethral opening and ascend to bladder then kidney causing infection. (b) Escherichia coli adheres to the host cell by type 1 pilli. The host cell engulfs the bacteria which starts dividing in host cell, forming IBCs. The IBCs are shed in the urine after expulsion from the host cells. In other host cells, the infections persist causing evasion. This leads to activation of host's immune response via TLRs and ILs. Created by BioRender.com. EPN: Emphysematous pyelonephritis, IBC: Intracellular bacterial community, IL: Interleukin

Figure 1: Pathogenesis of EPN. (a) Pathogens like <i>Escherichia coli</i> gain access to urethral opening and ascend to bladder then kidney causing infection. (b) <i>Escherichia coli</i> adheres to the host cell by type 1 pilli. The host cell engulfs the bacteria which starts dividing in host cell, forming IBCs. The IBCs are shed in the urine after expulsion from the host cells. In other host cells, the infections persist causing evasion. This leads to activation of host's immune response via TLRs and ILs. Created by BioRender.com. EPN: Emphysematous pyelonephritis, IBC: Intracellular bacterial community, IL: Interleukin